Effect of Injection Timing on Exhaust Thermal Recovery in a Biodiesel Engine

Karabulut M., Erdoğan S., Sayın C.

APPLIED SCIENCES, vol.16, no.3, pp.1-18, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)

  • Publication Type: Article / Article
  • Volume: 16 Issue: 3
  • Publication Date: 2026
  • Doi Number: 10.3390/app16031218
  • Journal Name: APPLIED SCIENCES
  • Journal Indexes: Scopus, Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Compendex, INSPEC, Directory of Open Access Journals
  • Page Numbers: pp.1-18
  • Marmara University Affiliated: Yes

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Effect of Injection Timing on Exhaust Thermal Recovery in a Biodiesel Engine

by
Murat Karabulut
1,
Sinan Erdoğan
2,* and
Cenk Sayın
1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Türkiye
2
Mechatronics Program, Adapazari Vocational School, Sakarya University, 54050 Sakarya, Türkiye
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1218; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031218
Submission received: 16 December 2025 / Revised: 12 January 2026 / Accepted: 21 January 2026 / Published: 24 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer Technologies, 2nd Edition)

Abstract

The utilization of thermoelectric systems within internal combustion engines has emerged as a promising approach to recuperate a portion of the energy dissipated through exhaust gases. The objective of this study is twofold: firstly, to assess the heat recovery potential of a thermoelectric generator integrated into a diesel engine, and secondly, to elucidate the impact of varying operating conditions on the efficiency of heat recovery. For this purpose, the thermoelectric generator was mounted onto the exhaust pipe of a single-cylinder diesel engine featuring a common-rail fuel injection system with pilot injection and a displacement volume of 1.12 L. The calculations were conducted under 100% engine load at 1500 RPM engine speed and three different injection timing settings (−2, STD, and +2 °CA). The optimum heat recovery efficiency was determined to be 5.02%, which was achieved under the following conditions: B50 fuel, −2 °CA injection timing, 1500 RPM engine speed, and 100% engine load.