Gestasyonel Diyabeti Olan ve Olmayan Annelerin Anne Sütü Makro Besin Ögesi Bileşiminin Karşılaştırılması

Comparison of Human Milk Macronutrient Composition in Mothers with and without Gestational Diabetes

Background: The literature presents varying findings regarding the impact of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on the energy and macronutrient content of human milk. Some studies suggest that the energy value of human milk from mothers with GDM is either unchanged or lower compared to healthy mothers, while others report no effect of GDM on milk energy content. One study indicated that the composition of protein, lactose, and fat in transitional and mature milk did not change; however, a reduction in protein content was observed in the milk of mothers with GDM, with no significant difference in lactose and fat levels.

The aim: To compare the energy and macronutrient composition of human milk on the 14th and 30th postpartum days between mothers diagnosed with GDM and healthy mothers.

Materials and methods: To determine the energy and macronutrient content, 5 mL of human milk was manually expressed from the right breast after breastfeeding, collected into an Eppendorf tube, and analyzed within 2 hours using MIRIS HMA. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 software, with a significance level set at p<0.05.

Results: The mean age of mothers in the GDM group was 29.5 Ī 4.71 years, and 29.4 Ī 3.03 years in the control group. Although there were more mothers with primary and secondary education in the GDM group, educational levels between the groups were similar (p>0.05). In the GDM group, lactose content on day 30 was significantly higher than on day 14 (p<0.001). In the control group, no significant differences were observed in energy or macronutrient composition between the two time points. Between-group comparisons showed that on day 14, lactose levels were significantly lower in the GDM group (p=0.01), and on day 30, the energy content of human milk was significantly lower in the GDM group (p=0.04).

Conclusions: GDM may affect the composition of human milk, particularly in terms of lactose and energy levels.

Keywords: Gestational diabetes, Human milk, Energy, Macronutrie