Narcissism, a popular concept, is defined in various ways due to its complex nature and is classified as grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism based on certain characteristics. Grandiose narcissism is expressed as the per- son’s belief that he/she is unique, emphasizing his/her own self and exhibit- ing exhibitionist and exploitative behaviors in relationships, while vulnerable narcissism is characterized by negative beliefs about self-efficacy and avoidant behaviors in social relationships. In DSM-5, the “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders”, the phenomenon of pathological narcissism is explained only with grandiose narcissism, while vulnerable narcissism is dis- regarded. In recent years, studies that include both dimensions of narcissism have gained significant importance in this respect. In addition, research on the etiology of narcissism emphasizes parent-child relationships, trauma, and early childhood experiences, which are explained within the framework of en- vironmental factors. In recent years, there has been a remarkable increase in research on the biological and genetic basis of narcissism. This literature re- view aims to examine the developmental foundations of pathological narcis- sism. In this regard, environmental factors such as parental attitudes, trauma history, attachment style, and early maladaptive schemas, which play a role in the development of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism were examined. Sub- sequently, studies addressing biological factors, including biological tempera- ment, and heritability have been reviewed. Finally, the developmental basis of narcissism is discussed, and suggestions are presented for future research on this subject in our country.

Keywords: Grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism, etiology of narcis- sism, parental attitudes, biological temperament, genetic factors